谁决定弗吉尼亚定罪案件的公正赔偿?

The amount of money the l和owner receives from the award in a condemnation case is referred to as just compensation. Does it sound just to you as a taxpayer that the l和owner might have their amount of compensation that the l和owner receives out of states funds be determined by the l和owner’s friends, 或者是土地所有者的商业伙伴?[1]  维吉尼亚州的土地征用法中有这样一个程序, 作为佣金的一部分.

由谁来决定对土地所有人的赔偿数额

In a Virginia eminent domain case the l和owner can have up to three different options as to who determines the amount of just compensation, 如下:

    1. 巡回法院法官;

    2. 陪审团由在案件审理的管辖范围内拥有土地的人组成, also known as a condemnation jury; or

    3. 一个委员会，其成员被称为委员.[2]

专员

专员还必须是居住在待决案件管辖区内的财产所有人.[3]  根据弗吉尼亚州的规定，可以从两种方式中选择一种. 代码25.1-227.2:The parties to the eminent domain proceeding may agree upon five or nine persons qualified to act as commissioners, 如第25条B款所规定.1-227.1.

    A. 当事人不能约定五人或九人担任委员的, 然后，每一方应向法院提交一份名单，其中至少载有八名合格人士的姓名. 如任何一方未能提交上述名单, 法院可以, 在其自由裁量权, 代表该方提交该清单.

    B. 根据B分款提交的清单, 法院应选出十三名可能的委员和至少两名候补委员. 这些人至少应当在送达前30天被传唤出庭.

    C. 如果选出九个合格的人, the petitioner 和 the owners shall each have two peremptory challenges 和 the remaining five shall serve as commissioners. 如按A款规定商定五名合格人员, 他们应当担任委员.

    D. 如果业主没有提交答辩书, 法院发现业主没有律师代表, 法院可以, 在其自由裁量权, 并受制于请愿人质疑理由的权利, 传唤五人担任委员.

这是对委员如何被任命的全部法定解释, 这留下了很多未解之谜.

例如, 如果当事人或他们的律师要提交这些潜在专员的名单, 当事人或他们的律师可以联系潜在的专员吗? In Va.-W. 电力有限公司. v. 克辛格, 122 Va. 135, 146-47 (1917), 法院处理了律师通知专员他们已被任命的问题, 并表示

[W]e think the practice of counsel in a case notifying the commissioners of their appointment in condemnation proceedings should be discontinued. 律师不应该被置于这种地位，也不应该把自己置于这种地位.  It is a difficult position to fill with absolute absence of some expression which may have or seem to have the ulterior object or effect of inducing a special feeling of favor on the part of the commissioner communicated with toward counsel having the communication 和 his client, 尤其是当交流是口头的时候, 只有在书面形式下，这种影响才会小一些.  他们的任命通知和确定的视察日期, 应该传达给专员吗,  (或被授权行动的最少人数), 如果只有这么多人愿意行动的话), 由书记员或其他无利害关系的人, 经案件所有当事人同意，法院命令可特别指示, or, 在没有这种同意的情况下, by a certified copy of the order being delivered to the commissioners by the sheriff of the county or sheriff or sergeant of the city in the court of which the proceedings are had.

In 可能v. 克罗克特, 202 Va. 438 (1961) the court struck a potential commissioner because he had a financial interest in the property since he owned adjoining property, but the court also noted that the fact that he had been approached by the condemnee to act as a commissioner was further evidence to strike him.

In 英联邦透明. 通讯或v. 杜瓦尔, 238 Va. 679 (1989), the court made it clear that parties are not to communicate with potential commissioners about the case 和 that any communication, 无论是否出于不当目的, 会导致局长被打吗.  在口头审查期间, 其中一名准委员作证说，在他作为委员被传唤之前, 一位土地所有者的律师问他是否“愿意在一场土地纠纷中担任专员”. 就说了这么多.”  The l和owner argued that the statutory changes allowing the parties to submit lists of potential commissioners to the court “put the commissioner selection process in the h和s of the parties to the condemnation.“法院不同意，并表示，

法令将[两党]的作用限制在提名委员.  如果立法机关有意让各方在提交候选人名字之前联系潜在的候选人, 因此修改了我们在 克罗克特 和 克辛格，我们相信它会明确地这样做.  尽管记录显示除了律师的接触外没有任何不当行为, 的原因 克罗克特, 因为任何一方或其代表的任何此类接触都有可能造成滥用, 我们的结论是这次接触应该导致萨维奇被取消资格.

因此, it appears that that the parties 和 their counsel are limited to providing names only 和 leaving the rest up to the court.  他们无法联系到他们推荐的人, 更不用说和他们讨论案件或征用权了.

是否打击专员是初审法院的自由裁量权. 弗吉尼亚州最高法院多年来为这一过程提供了各种通用语言, 下面列举了其中一些, 主要来自 可能v. 克罗克特, 202 Va. 438, 440-41, 117 S.E.2d 648, 649-50(1961)和 英联邦透明. 通讯或v. 卡罗尔, 254 Va. 302, 305, 491 S.E.2d 723, 725 (1997).

维持公众对专员报告的诚信的信心, 在定罪程序中，根据规约评估损害赔偿, 谁实际上在AD - d - damum诉讼中履行陪审团的职责, is of such importance that the same rule applicable to juries should be applied; 和 such reports should be kept free from the suspicion that the commissioners may have been improperly influenced.

Every precaution should be taken by the commissioners 和 by the courts to preserve public confidence in the findings of commissioners.

“The power of eminent domain is a high prerogative 和 the prescribed methods of its exercise are to be carefully observed. Great weight is attached to the award of the commissioners 和 it is important that their judgment be not affected by relationship to the parties or other extraneous matters.”

可能v. 克罗克特, 202 Va. 438, 440-41, 117 S.E.2d 648, 649-50(1961)(内部引用省略).

委员们必须“正直而有能力，……没有偏见或偏见。." 公路委员会主席. 弗莱彻, 153 Va. 43, 46-47, 149 S.E. 456, 457 (1929). 委员们, 像陪审团一样, 听取证据, 评估证人的可信度, 并在确定土地所有人应得的适当赔偿时作出事实认定. 英联邦透明. 英联邦v. 汤普森, 249 Va. 292, 295, 455 S.E.2d 206, 207 (1995).

维持公众对定罪程序的诚信有信心, 谴责委员的选择应遵守适用于陪审员选择的同样规则, 即, 任何在诉讼程序中可能受到不当影响的人，都必须因理由被审裁小组除名. 参见可能v. 克罗克特, 202 Va. 438, 440-41, 117 S.E.2d 648, 649-50 (1961). The trial court is given discretionary authority to determine whether a prospective commissioner should be stricken for this reason. 国家公路和运输局. 通讯或v. 高秤, 231 Va. 239, 243, 343 S.E.2d 324, 327 (1986). 根据其自由裁量权, 初审法院必须作出裁决, 除此之外, whether any members of the venire have a financial interest so intimately related to the issue at trial that they cannot sit indifferent in the cause. Id.

英联邦透明. 通讯或v. 卡罗尔, 254 Va. 302, 305, 491 S.E.2d 723, 725 (1997).

为什么委员被解雇或不被解雇的具体案例

然而, the general language above may seem more aspirational than anything once one examines the specific case examples on why commissioners have 和 have not been struck in Virginia. 委员们被解雇的原因是， 在其他事物之外，原因如下:

1. 地主在哪里招待委员，私下讨论他的财务状况. Va.-W. 电力有限公司. v. 克辛格, 122 Va. 135, 147, 94 S.E. 186, 190 (1917);

2. 地主招待委员的地方. 格里芬v. 汤姆林森, 155 Va. 150, 151, 154 S.E. 483, 483 (1930);

3. 是否曾聘请一名专员评估物业. 柯林斯v. 斧哭., 201 Va. 164, 171, 110 S.E.2d 184, 189 (1959);

4. 几位委员在报纸上读到一篇描述购买房产谈判的文章, 包括市政府提供的金额. 齐格弗里德五世. 夏洛茨维尔, 206 Va. 271, 277, 142 S.E.2d 556, 560 (1965);

5. 在哪里，一个专员与交通部就物业估值问题发生争执. 英联邦透明. 通讯或v. 杜瓦尔, 238 Va. 679, 686 (1989);

6. 如果土地所有者的律师在审判前与专员“仅仅”有过接触， id.;

7. Where the commissioner owned two adjourning parcels to the one being condemned 和 one of his parcels was subject to condemnation on the same project. 五月 v. 克罗克特, 202 Va. 438, 117 S.E.2d 648 (1961);

8. Where the commissioner was a client of the l和owner’s attorney 和 had used the l和owner’s appraiser in a previous condemnation. 弗吉尼亚市. 海滩v. 大广场购物中心. Co., 255 Va. 467, 472 (1998); 和

9. 拟建专员在何处拥有非常接近被征用土地的物业. 英联邦透明. 通讯或v. 卡罗尔, 254 Va. 302, 306, 491 S.E.2d 723, 725 (1997).

相反，法院拒绝罢工委员， 在其他事物之外，原因如下:

1. 比赛. 巴特森挑战适用于征用权案件中委员的选择, 巴特森案既可以由土地所有者提出也可以由被告提出. 参见Commonwealth transport. 通讯或v. 汤普森, 249 Va. 292, 295 n.*, 455 S.E.2d 206, 207 (1995) (“We simply find no merit in the l和owner's argument that the 运输 Commissioner lacked st和ing to assert a Batson motion.”).

2. 委员们与土地所有者的专家证人有一定的业务关系. 国家高速公路 & 透明. Com. v. 枢机地产有限公司., 232 Va. 434, 440 (1986);

3. 专员与某一方有“持续”业务关系(进行公用事业工作). 红衣主教，上;

4. 在取得土地之前，准专员向土地所有者出售了一些个人保险政策. 国家高速公路和跨. Commr. v. 高秤, 231 Va. 239, 343 S.E.2d 324 (1986);

5. 未来的委员在土地征用前三年为土地所有者做过一些建筑工作吗. 国家高速公路和跨. Commr. v. 高秤, 231 Va. 在23,343 S.E.2d在327.

6. 委员是被谴责业务的客户(银行). 第一银行 & Tr. Co. v. 英联邦透明. 通讯或, 263 Va. 451, 456 (2002);

7. 哪里的专员是地主的牧师和朋友. 国家高速公路 & 透明. 通讯或v. 加兰, 223 Va. 701, 705 (1982);

8. 在那里，委员们与土地所有者在一家繁忙的餐馆里共进午餐，而没有其他餐桌. 英联邦透明. 通讯或v. 分支, 16 Va. 圆形的. 切斯特菲尔德市. Ct. 1989).

9. Where commissioner testified that both he 和 the l和owner were active members of a trade association 和 the l和owner was a paid part-time employee of the trade association. 公路专员. 麦金太尔, 16 Va. 圆形的. 428,431(克拉克县法院. Ct. 1973).

The statute 和 these cases come nowhere near providing a comprehensive description of who can 和 cannot serve as a commissioner.  这是一个复杂的问题，通常会导致审判无效, 因此，谴责当局依靠土地征用律师的经验作为指导.  澳门十大正规网赌网址 & 科沃德代表州政府机构, 市, 交通部门, 公用事业公司, 为基础设施项目的路权和其他财产的收购提供路权顾问十大正规网赌网址. We advise our clients regarding all aspects of condemnation litigation from pre-condemnation planning to final resolution, 无论是通过自愿收购还是诉讼. 我们的首要任务是帮助客户识别和消除可能导致项目成本上升的问题.

罗斯·格林是彭德尔人 & 科沃德股东兼土地征用业务小组主席.  他的执业重点是征用权领域, 房地产, 遗嘱, 信托基金, 地产, 商业事务.

[1] 作为美国.S. 最高法院在1897年写道, “The just compensation required by the Constitution to be made to the owner is to be measured by the loss caused to him by the appropriation. 他有权得到他被剥夺的东西的价值，仅此而已. To award him less would be unjust to him; to award him more would be unjust to the public.” 鲍曼v. 罗斯, 167 U.S. 548, 574, 17 S. Ct. 966, 976 (U.S. 1897).

[2] Va. 法典第25条.1-220(“公正赔偿的问题应由委员会或陪审团决定, 根据§25的规定，船东及时作出选择.1-213. 然而, 经申请人和已出庭或者答辩的所有依法当事人同意, or, 如果没有业主在适当的通知下出现或回应, or has filed an answer 和 grounds of defense that fails to elect to have the determination of just compensation made by either commissioners or a jury, 然后, 根据请愿人的动议, 公正赔偿的问题可以由法院裁决.”).

[3] Va. 法典第25条.1-227.1(B) (“All commissioners shall be disinterested freeholders 和 residents of the county or city wherein the property or the greater portion of the property to be condemned is situated. 任何人在任何三个月内担任专员的时间不得超过整整一周, 除非双方同意.”).